Supervision and Mentorship of Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics’ Postgraduate Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Final Technical Report

Abstract

In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the promotion of high-quality postgraduate training in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines is essential for advancing research evidence and attaining Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite its critical importance, women and girls face significant obstacles leading to their underrepresentation in STEM fields, including gender stereotypes and unsupportive environments. Acknowledging these challenges, a five-year study was initiated to explore the participation and experiences of women in postgraduate STEM training and careers in SSA. The African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), in collaboration with the Inter-University Council for East Africa (IUCEA), conducted a 60-months project that commenced in March 2020 and was completed in April 2025. The primary aim of the project was to examine the participation and experiences of women in postgraduate training in STEM programmes in universities in East Africa, with a focus on improving the quality of supervision and mentorship within the region. By addressing systemic barriers and promoting equitable practices, the project aimed to cultivate a more diverse and inclusive landscape within STEM disciplines, aligning with global efforts towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and promoting inclusive economic development in the region. The project utilized a mixed-methods approach comprising a scoping review, qualitative interviews, and quantitative analysis of secondary data to comprehensively grasp the status of gender equality in STEM education and careers in East Africa. Data collection included 66 in-depth interviews, five focus group discussions across five East African nations, and an online survey distributed to 898 participants. Analysis of the data uncovered significant gender gaps within STEM fields, with women representing over 44% of respondents across the five countries. Secondary data analysis underscored substantial gender disparities in STEM postgraduate enrollment and graduation rates, indicating persistent challenges encountered by women in accessing and progressing in STEM-related education and careers. The data analysis identified key barriers hindering women's participation in STEM, such as societal perceptions, limited access to mentorship, and inadequate employment opportunities.